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Waterfowl Diseases

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Viral Diseases of Waterfowl

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Adenovirus Infection (Egg drop syndrome 76 (EDS-76), Haemagglutinating adenovirus infection, Avian adenovirus 127 infection, Muscovy duck adenovirus infection)
  • Adenoviridae: Duck adenovirus 2
  • Adenoviridae: Egg drop syndrome (EDS) '76 virus
Avian Encephalomyelitis (Epidemic tremor)
  • Picornaviridae: Avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV)
Avian Influenza (Fowl pest, Fowl plague, Avian influenza A)
  • Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza A virus
Avian Pox (Poxvirus infection, Fowl pox, Contagious epithelioma, Avian diphtheria (‘wet’ form of avian pox), Molluscum contagiosum, Geflugelpocken, Virula aviare, Variole aviare)
  • Poxviridae: Canarypox virus
  • Poxviridae: Fowlpox virus
  • Poxviridae: Turkeypox virus
Duck Hepatitis B Infection ( Duck Hepatitis B Virus Infection, DHBV Infection)
  • Hepadnaviridae: Duck Hepatitis B virus (DHBV)
Duck Plague (Duck virus enteritis, DVE, Anatid herpesvirus infection, Avian herpesvirus type 2 infection, Peste du canard, L’entérite à virus du canard, Eendenpest, Entenpest)
  • Herpesviridae: Duck Enteritis Virus (Duck enteritis herpesvirus (DEHV), Duck enteritis virus (DEV), Duck plague virus, Anatid Herpesvirus, Avian herpesvirus 2)
Duck Viral Hepatitis Type 1
  • Picornaviridae: Duck hepatitis virus type 1
Duck Viral Hepatitis Type 2
  • Unassigned Astrovirus: Duck hepatitis virus type 2 (Duck hepatitis virus type 2, (DHV2) an astrovirus; duck astrovirus)
Duck Viral Hepatitis Type 3
  • Picornaviridae: Duck hepatitis virus type 3
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (Eastern encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Eastern encephalomyelitis, EEE, EE)
  • Togaviridae: Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE)
  • Culicidae (Vector Family) (Mosquitoes)
  • Culiseta melanura (Vector)
Goose Parvovirus Infection (Derzsy's Disease, Parvovirus infection of geese, Parvovirus infection of Muscovy ducks, Muscovy duck parvovirus, Goose viral hepatitis, Goose influenza, ‘so-called goose influenza, Goose plague, Gosling plague, Goose enteritis, Infectious myocarditis, Ascitic-hepato-nephritis)
  • Parvoviridae: Goose parvovirus
Miscellaneous Arbovirus Infections (St. Louis Encephalitis Infection (SLE) (J1.28.w6), Ockelbo Virus Infection (J1.29.w4), Sindbis Infection and Murray Valley Encephalitis Infection (J24.49.w2).)
  • Flaviviridae: Murray Valley Encephalitis virus
  • Flaviviridae: St Louis Encephalitis virus (SLEV)
  • Togaviridae: Ockelbo virus
  • Togaviridae: Sindbis virus
Muscovy Duck Parvovirus infection (Muscovy duck disease)
  • Parvoviridae:  Muscovy duck parvovirus (Duck Parvovirus)
Newcastle Disease (Newcastle's Disease, ND, Paramyxovirus-1 infection, VVND (viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease), NVND (neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease))
  • Paramyxoviridae: Newcastle Disease Virus (Paramyxovirus-1, Avian Paramyxovirus type 1, NDV)
Rabies
  • Rhabdoviridae: Rabies virus
Reovirus Infection (Infection Myocarditis of Geese, Myocarditis Virus Infection of Geese, Muscovy Duck Reovirus Infection.)
  • Reoviridae: Avian Reoviruses (Types 1 - 11) (Myocarditis Virus of Geese, Muscovy Duck Reovirus.)
Reticuloendotheliosis (Duck Infectious Anaemia Virus Infection, Spleen Necrosis Virus Infection)
  • Retroviridae: Avian Reticuloendotheliosis virus (Duck infectious anaemia virus, Spleen necrosis virus, Twiehaus-strain reticuloendotheliosis virus, C-type retrovirus Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Hungary-2 (REV-H-2))
Transmissible Bursal Disease Agent not identified - presumed viral.
Western Equine Encephalitis (Western encephalitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis, Western encephalomyelitis, WEE, WE)
  • Togaviridae: Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE)
  • Culicidae (Vector Family) (Mosquitoes)
West Nile Virus Disease (West Nile Fever, WNV Disease, West Nile, West Nile enteritis, West Nile viral enteritis, Near Eastern equine encephalitis, Lourdige)
  • Flaviviridae: West Nile Virus (WN virus, WNV)
  • Culicidae (Vector Family) (Mosquitoes)
  • Culiseta melanura (Vector)

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Bacterial Diseases of Waterfowl

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Acinetobacter Infection
  • Acinetobacter spp.
Actinobacillus Infection
  • Actinobacillus spp.
  • Actinobacillus suis
Aeromonas Infection
  • Aeromonas hydrophila (Bacillus hydrophilus)
Anatipestifer Infection (New duck disease, Riemerella anatipestifer infection, Pasteurella anatipestifer infection, Moraxella anatipestifer infection, Duck septicaemia, Anatipestifer syndrome, Anatipestifer septicaemia, Infectious serositis, Goose influenza, Septicemia anserum exsudativa)
  • Riemerella anatipestifer (Pasteurella anatipestifer, Moraxella anatipestifer, Pfeifferella anatipestifer, Cytophaga anatipestifer.)
Anthrax (Milzbrand (German), Charbon (French).)
  • Bacillus anthracis
Avian Cholera (Fowl Cholera, Avian Pasteurellosis, Avian Haemorrhagic Septicemia, Pasteurella multocida Infection.)
  • Pasteurella multocida (Pasteurella gallicida, Bacterium multocidum)
Avian Tuberculosis (Avian TB, Mycobacteriois, Tuberculosis, TB)
  • Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAIC, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), MAI Complex, Mycobacterium avium- Mycobacterium intracellulare Complex, Mycobacterium avium, Avian tubercle bacillus; Mycobacterium intracellulare; Battey bacillus Nocardia intracellularis, Mycobacterium intracellularis)

Borreliosis (Goose septicaemia, Spirochetosis, Fowl Spirochetosis, Avian Spirochaetosis)
  • Borrelia anserina (Spirochaeta anserini, Spiroschaudinnia anserina, Treponema spp., Borrelia gallinarum, Spirochaeta gallinarum, Spironema gallinarum.)
  • Culicidae (Vector Family) (Mosquitoes)
  • Argas miniatus (Vector)
  • Argas persicus (Vector)
  • Argas reflexus (Vector)
Campylobacter Infection (Campylobacteriosis)
  • Campylobacter spp.
  • Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacter fetus var jejuni, Vibrio jejuni, Vibrio hepaticus)
Chlamydiosis / Psittacosis (Ornithosis)
  • Chlamydia psittaci (Chlamydophila psittaci)
Citrobacter Infection
  • Citrobacter freundii (Escherichia freundii, Colobactrum freundii, Paracolobactrum intermedium, Salmonella ballerup, Salmonella hormaechei, Bacterium freundii)
Colibacillosis (Escherichia coli septicaemia, Escherichia coli septicemia, E. coli septicaemia, Coli bacillosis, Colisepticaemia, Colisepticemia)
Erysipelothrix infection (Erysipelas Infection, Erysipelothrix, Erysipelas, Diamond skin disease (Pigs))
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Bacillus rhusiopathiae-suis, Bacterium arysipelatos-suum, Bacterium rhusiopathiae, Erysipelothrix insidiosa, Swine rotlauf bacillus.)
Flavobacterium Infection
  • Flavobacterium spp.
Fowl Typhoid (Salmonella gallinarum Infection)
  • Salmonella gallinarum
Goose gonorrhoea Agent not fully identified - Neisseria-like organism, possibly a mycoplasma (B15).
Listeriosis (Listeric infection, Circling disease, Listeria monocytogenes Infection)
  • Listeria spp.
  • Listeria monocytogenes (Bacterium monocytogenes)
Mycoplasma Infection (Mycoplasmal sinusitis, Mycoplasmal tenosynovitis, Mycoplasmal air-sacculitis, Acholeplasma Infection)
  • Acholeplasma axanthum
  • Acholeplasma laidlawii
  • Mycoplasma anatis
  • Mycoplasma bovis
  • Mycoplasma cloacale
  • Mycoplasma columbinum
  • Mycoplasma lipifaciens
  • Mycoplasma gallinaceum
  • Mycoplasma gallinarum
  • Mycoplasma gallisepticum
  • Mycoplasma synoviae
Necrotising Enteritis (Haemorrhagic enteritis, Necrotic enteritis, Necrohaemorrhagic enteritis, Clostridial enteritis, 'Rot gut')
  • Clostridium perfringens (Bacillus perfringens, Bacterium welchii, Clostridium welchii, Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus)
Neonatal Septicaemia (Neonatal septicemia)
  • Escherichia coli
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
  • Pseudomonas spp.
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Streptococcus spp.
Omphalitis / Yolk Sacculitis (Infected yolk sac, Yolk infection, Omphophlebitis, Yolk sacculitis)
Proteus Infection
  • Proteus spp.
  • Proteus vulgaris
Pseudomonas Infection
  • Pseudomonas spp.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacillus of green pus, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus)
Pullorum Disease (Salmonella pullorum Infection , Bacillary white diarrhoea)
  • Salmonella pullorum
Salmonellosis (Salmonella Infection, Keel Disease, Paratyphoid Infection, Paratyphoid)
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Salmonella typhimurium
  • Salmonella pullorum
  • Salmonella anatum
  • Salmonella thompsoni
  • Salmonella paratyphi
Staphylococcosis (Staphylococcus Infection, Infective Arthritis, Staphylococcal septicaemia, Staphylococcal blood poisoning)
  • Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcosis (Streptococcal Infection, Streptococcus Infection)
  • Enterococcus avium (Streptococcus faecalis)
  • Enterococcus durans (Streptococcus duran, Enterococcus durans)
  • Enterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis)
  • Enterococcus faecium (Streptococcus faecium)
  • Streptococcus equi
  • Streptococcus suis
Vibriosis (Vibrio cholerae infection, Vibrio metchnikovi infection)
  • Non-01Vibrio cholerae (Vibrio albensis)
  • Vibrio metchnikovi
Yersiniosis (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis)
  • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Bacillus tuberculosis, Bacterium pseudotuberculosis rodentium, Corynebacterium rodentium, Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis)

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Fungal / Algal Diseases of Waterfowl

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Aspergillosis (Brooder pneumonia, Pseudotuberculosis, "Asper" mycosis, Mycotic pneumonia.)
  • Aspergillus flavus
  • Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Aspergillus giganteus
Candidiasis (Candida infection, Thrush, Crop mycosis, Moniliasis, Sour crop)
  • Candida spp.
  • Candida albicans (Oidium albicans, Mycotorula albicans, Monila candida, Monila albicans)
Favus (Fowl favus, Avian ringworm, White comb,  Trichophyton gallinae infection, Microsporum gallinae infection)
  • Microsporum gallinae (Trichophyton gallinae, Achorion gallinae)
Intracellular Yeast-like Organism Infection (Haemoproteus infection, Intracellular spore-forming bacterium infection) Agent not yet identified.
Phycomycosis (Zygomycosis, Mucormycosis, Phycomycotic infection)
  • Mucor pusillus
Rhinosporidiosis
  • Rhinosporidium seeberi

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PARASITIC Diseases of Waterfowl
Roundworms, Acanthocephalans, Tapeworms & Flukes

DISEASE

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENT(S)
Acanthocephala Infection (Acanthocephaliasis, Thorny-headed worm infection )
  • Corynosoma constrictum (Echinorhynchus striatus, Corynosoma constricta.)
  • Corynosoma peposacae
  • Filicollis anatis
  • Polymorphus altmani
  • Polymorphus boschadis
  • Polymorphus botulus
  • Polymorphus magnus
  • Polymorphus minutus
  • Polymorphus obtusus
Ascarida (Ascarid) Infection (Intestinal Nematode Infection)
  • Ascaridia galli (Ascaris "teres", Ascaris galli, Ascaris gallopavonis, Fusaria inflexa, Ascaris inflexa, Ascaridia inflexa, Heterakis inflexa, Fusaria strumosa, Ascaris perspicillum, Ascaridia perspicillum, Ascaris gibbosa, Heterakis perspicillum, Ascaris perspicillum, Ascaris funiculus, Heterakis lineata, Ascaridia lineata, Heterakis compressa, Ascaridia compressa, Heterakis brasiliensis, Ascaridia brasiliensis, Heterakis styphlocerca, Ascaridia styphlocerca, Heterakis granulosa, Ascaridia granulosa, Ascaridia magalhaesi, Ascaridia hamia, Ascaridia anseris, Ascaridia compar, Ascaridia sinensis.)
Avioserpens Infection (Subcutaneous Worm Infection, Guinea worm Infection)
  • Avioserpens mosgovoyi
  • Avioserpens sichuanensis
  • Avioserpens taiwana (Filaria taiwana, Oshimaia taiwana, Avioserpens denticulophasma, Petroviprocta vigissi.)
Capillariasis (Capillaria infection)
  • Capillaria anatis (Eucoleus contorta, Trichosoma contortum, Thomix contorta, Capillaria vanelli, Capillaria annulata, Trichocephalus anatis, Trichosoma  anatis, Thominx anatis, Capillaria tumida,Capillaria semiteres, Hamularia nodulosa, Trichocephalus capillaris, Trichosoma brevicolle, Trichosoma longicolle, Trichosoma resectum, Trichosoma collare, Capillaria collare, Echinocoelus collare, Thominx collaris, Orthothominx collaris, Trichosoma dubium, Trichosoma retusum, Capillaria corvorum, Cappilaria uruguayensis, Thominx uruguayensis)
  • Capillaria contorta (Eucoleus contorta, Trichosoma contortum, Thomix contorta, Capillaria vanelli, Trichosoma dispar, Trichosoma trilobar, Trichosoma longicolle, Trichosoma obtusiusculum, Capillaria perforans, Eucoleus perforans, Thomix perforans, Capillaria lophortygis, Eucoleus lophortygis, Capillaria triloba, Eucoleus raillieti, Thomix raillieti, Capillaria raillieti)
Cestode Infection (Tapeworm infection, Dwarf tapeworm infection)
  • Aploparaksis furcigera (Taenia furcigera, Dicranotaenia, furcigera, Diplacanthus furcigera, Dilepis furcigera, Hymenolepis furcigera, Drepanidotaenia furcigera, Taenia lineata, Taenia anatis lineata, Taenia trilineata, Taenia rhomboidea, Dicranotaenia rhomboidea, Aploparaksis rhomboidea, Taenia conica, Taenia caecalis, Aploparaksis pseudofurcigera, Haploparaxis japonensis)
  • Cotugnia fastigata
  • Diorchis nyrocae (Diorchis skrjabini,Schillerius skrjabini, Diorchis abuladze, Haploparaxis stefanskii)
  • Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Taenia anatis, Taenia fasciolaris, Taenia malleus Alyselminthis malleus, Fimbriaria malleus, Halysis malleus, Fimbriaria mitra, Taenia pediformis, Epision plicatus, Notobothrium arcticum, Fimbriaria plana)
  • Gastrotaenia cygni (Gastrotaenia dogieli, Apora dogieli)
  • Hymenolepis collaris (Taenia collari, Taenia collaris, Weinlandia collaris, Microsomacanthus collaris, Dicranotaenia collaris, Sobolevicanthus collaris, Myxolepis collaris, Myxacanthus collaris, Taenia torquata, Halysis torquata, Taenia breviarticulata, Alyselminthus sinuosa, Halysis sinuosa, Taenia sinuosa, Hymenolepis inuata, Drepanidotaenia sinuosa, Taenia infundibuliformis, Taenia anserum, Taenia bairdii)
  • Hymenolepis compressa (Taenia compressa, Microsomacanthus compressa, Hymenolepis megarostellis, Hymenolepis solowiowi, Nadejdolepis solowiowi)
  • Hymenolepis coronula (Taenia coronula, Dicranotaenia coronula, Drepanidotaenia coronula, Diplacanthus coronula, Lepidotrias coronula, Weinlandia coronula, Hymenolepis megalhystera, Hymenolepis querquedula, Weinlandia querquedula, Dicranotaenia introversa, Weinlandia introversa, Hymenolepis introversa, Dicranotaenia macrostrobiloides, Hymenolepis macrostrobiloides, Weinlandia macrostrobiloides, Hymenolepis sacciperium, Dicranotaenia sacciperium, Hymenolepis anceps, Hymenolepis mergi, Dicranotaenia mergi, Dicranotaenia deglandii, Hymenolepis parvisaccata, Dicranotaenia parvisaccata, Hymenolepis apcaris, Dicranotaenia kutassi, Dicranotaenia pseudocoronula, Hymenolepis makundi, Hymenolepis cameroni)
  • Hymenolepis lanceolata (Taenia anseris, Taenia acutissima, Taenia lanceolata, Taenia lanceola. Hyalysis lanceolata, Dilepis lanceolata, Drepanidotaenia lanceolata, Diplacanthus Lanceolata, Taenia anserum, Hymenolepis anserum, Drepanidotaenia lobata)
  • Hymenolepis megalops (Cloacotaenia megalops, Taenia anatis-marilae, Taenia megalops, Drepanidotaenia megalops, Weinlandia megalops, Orlovilepis megalops, Taenia cylindrica, Lallum magniparuterina)
  • Hymenolepis tenuirostris (Taenia tenuirostris, Drepanidotaenia tenuirostris, Diplacanthus tenuirostris, Dilepis tenuirostris, Microsomacanthus tenuirostris, Monosaccanthes tenuirostris, Taenia krabbei, Taenia conscripta, Hymenolepis tritesticulata, Weinlandia tenuirostris, Drepanidotaenia tenuirostris, Microsomacanthus tenuirostris)
Contracaecum (Ascarid) Infection (Intestinal Nematode Infection)
  • Contracaecum spiculigerum (Ascaris spiculigera, Ascaris variegata, Ascaris mergorum, Ascaris colyborum, Ascaris siluri, Contracaecum siluri, Contracaecum trukestanicum, Contracaecum umiu, Contracaecum himeu)
Cyathocotyl bushiensis (Intestinal Fluke) Infection
  • Cyathocotyle bushiensis (Cercaria bushiensis)
Echinuriasis (Acuariasis) (Acuariasis, Acuaria infection, Echinuria infection, Proventricular worm infection)
  • Echinuria spp.
  • Echinuria uncinata (Spiroptera uncinata, Filaria uncinata, Dispharagus uncinatus, Acuaria uncinata, Hamannia uncinata, Echinuria jugadornata, Echinuria cygni.)
Eustrongylides Infection (Eustrongylidiasis)
  • Eustrongylides mergorum (Stongylus mergorum, Spiroptera inflata, Tropidocerca inflata, Tropidurus inflatus, Tetrameres inflata, Microtetrameres inflata, Stongylus papillosis, Stongylus elegans, Hystrichis elegans, Eustrongyloides elegans, Stongylus tubifex, Tropidocerca paradoxa)
  • Eustrongylides papillosus (Stongylus papillosus, Eustrongylus papillosus, Hystrichis papillosus)
  • Eustrongylides tubifex (Stongylus papillosus, Eustrongylus papillosus, Hystrichis papillosus)
Gapeworm Infection (Tracheal worm infection, Cyathastomiasis, Syngamus infection, Cyathostoma infection)
  • Cyathostoma brantae (Syngamus brantae)
  • Cyathostoma bronchialis (Syngamus bronchialis)
  • Syngamus trachea
Gizzard Worm Infection (Stomach worm infection, Ventricular nematodiasis, Amidostomiasis, Ventricular worm infection)
  • Amidostomum acutum (Strongylus acutus, Strongylus monodon, Amidostomum monodon, Sclerostoma monodon, Amidostomum chevreuxi, Amidostomum skrjabini, Amidostomum anatinum, Amidostomum fuligulae, Amidostomum biziurae, Amidostomum boschadis, Amidostomum orientale)
  • Amidostomum anseris (Ascaris mucronata, Strongylus mucronata, Strongylus anseris, Strongylus nodulosus, Amidostomum nodulosum, Strongylus nodularis, Trichostrongylus nodularis, Spiroptera uncinata, Strongylus monodon, Sclerostomum mucronatum, Sclerostomum anseris, Amidostomum leucopareiae)
  • Amidostomum cygni (Amidostomum similis)
  • Amidostomum spatulatum
  • Epomidiostomum crami
  • Epomidiostomum orispinum (Strongylus anseris, Strongylus orispinus, Epomidiostomum skrjabin, Epomidiostomum vogelsangi)
  • Epomidiostomum uncinatum (Strongylus uncinatus, Epomidiostomum anatinum)
Heartworm (Sarconema) Infection (Sarconema eurycerca infection, Filariasis)
  • Sarconema eurycerca
  • Trinaton anserinum (Vector)
Heterakis (Ascarid) Infection (Caecal worm infection, Cecal worm infection, Heterakiosis)
  • Heterakis dispar (Ascaris dispar, Fusaria dispar, Ganguleterakis dispar, Strongylus acuticaudata, Heterakis caudata, Ganguleterakis caudata, Raillietakis caudata, Heterakis circumvallata, Ganguleterakis circumvallata, Raillietakis circumvallata, Heterakis chenonettae, Heterakis hyperborea, Ganguleterakis hyperboreus, Heterakis hyperboreus, Heterakis papillosa, Heterakis stylosa, Heterakis altaica, Heterakis tenuicaudata)
  • Heterakis gallinarum (Ascarides teretes, Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaris gallinae, Ascaris papillosa, Heterakis papillosa, Ascaris phasiani, Ascaris vesicularis, Fusaria reflexa, Ascaris undulosa-striata, Heterakis longecaudata, Heterakis parisi, Heterakis pediocetes)
Hystrichus tricolor Infection (Proventricular nematode infection)
  • Hystrichis tricolor (Spiroptera tricolor, Strongylus anatis, Strongylus tubifex, Eustrongylus tubiflex, Hystrichis tubiflex, Spiroptera tadornae, Hystrichis orispinus, Hystrichis wedli, Hystrichis neglectus, Hystrichis varispinosus)
Intestinal Fluke Infestation (Intestinal trematode infection, Echinoparyphium recurvatum infection, Echinostomum revolutum infection, Notocotylus spp infection)
  • Apatemon gracilis (Amphistoma gracile, Holostomum gracile, Strigea gracilis, Apatemon gracilis, Tetracotyle gracilis, Holostomum variabile, Holostomum variegatum, Apatemon graciliformis, Cercaria helvetica, Apatemon parvitestis, Apatemon japonicus, Apatemon pellucidus, Cercaria longiremis, Cercaria icnusae, Cercaria pseudoburti, Cercaria okobojensis, Cercaria wansoni)
  • Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Distoma recurvatum, Echinostoma recurvatum, Echinoparyphium koidzumii, Echinostoma aegyptiaca)
  • Echinostoma revolutum (Echinosomum revolutum, Fasciola revoluta, Distoma anatis fuscae, Festucaria anatis, Fasciola anatis, Distoma anatis, Distoma echinatum, Echinostoma echinatum,Distoma dilatatum, Echinostoma dilatatum, Distoma cygni oloris, Distoma fulgulae ferinae, Distomum armatum, Echinostoma oxycephalum, Echinostoma mendax, Echinostoma paraulum, Echinostoma echinocephalum, Echinostoma sudanense, Echinostoma acuticauda, Echinostoma armigerum, Echinostoma coalitum, Echinostoma callawayensis, Echinostoma limicoli, Echinostoma cinetorchis, Echinostoma erraticum, Echinostoma microrchis, Echinostoma neglectum, Echinostoma nephrocystis, Echinostoma columbae, Echinostoma miyagawai, Echinostoma robustum, Echinostoma multispinosus, Cercaria trivolvis)
  • Hypoderaeum conoideum (Cuculanus conoideus, Distomum conoideum, Echinostoma conoideum, Hypoderaeum conoideu, Fascoila appendiculata, Distoma oxycephalum, Distoma froelichii, Opisthorchis pianae, Psilochasmus lecithosus, Hypoderaeum sinensis, Hypoderaeum magnocirrusa)
  • Notocotylus attenuatus
  • Zygocotyle lunata (Amphistoma lunatum, Chiorchis lunatus, Zygocotyle ceratosa, Cercaria poconensis, Solenorchis travassosi, Zygocotyle ceratosa)
Microfilarial Infection
  • Ornithofilaria fallisensis (Splendidofilaria fallensis)
  • Ceratopogonidae (Vector Family) (Midges)
  • Culicidae (Vector Family) (Mosquitoes)
  • Simuliidae (Vectors) (Black Flies)
Ocular Fluke Infection (Philophthalmus gralli infection, Oriental eyefluke infection, Ocular trematode infection)
  • Philophthalmus gralli (Philopthalmus anatinus, Philopthalmus nyrocae)
Ocular Nematode Infection (Conjunctival nematodiasis, Conjunctival worm infestation, Oxyspirura mansoni infection)
  • Oxyspirura mansoni (Filaria mansoni, Spiroptera mansoni, Yorkeispirura mansoni, MIcrofilaria seguini, Oxyspirura parvovum)
Porrocaecum (Ascarid) Infection (Intestinal Nematode Infection)
  • Porrocaecum crassum (Ascaris crassa)
  • Porrocaecum ensicaudatum (Fusaria ensicaudata, Ascaris ensicaudata, Ascaris turdi, Ascaris teres, Ascaris sturni, Ascaris cornicis, Ascaris corvi, Fusaria crenata, Fusaria lancea, Ascaris corvi, Spiroptera turdi)
Prosthogonimus (Cloacal Fluke) Infection (Oviduct Fluke Infection)
  • Prosthogonimus ovatus
Renal Fluke Infection (Renicola somateriae Infection)
  • Renicola spp.
  • Renicola somateriae
Schistosomiasis (Vascular Fluke Infection) (Schistosome Infection, Trichobilharzia infection, Dendritobilharzia infection)
  • Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta (Bilharziella pulverulenta, Dendritobilharzia odhneri, Dendritobilharzia anatinarum)
  • Trichobilharzia physellae (Cercaria physellae, Pseudobilharziella querquedulae)
Sphaeridiotrema (Intestinal Fluke) Infection (Trematode-induced ulcerative haemorrhagic enteritis, Trematode infection)
  • Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Distoma globulus, Cercaria helvetica)
Streptocariasis (Streptocara infection)
  • Streptocara crassicauda
  • Streptocara incognita
  • Streptocara spp.
Tetrameres Infection
  • Tetrameres americana (Tetrameres confusa, Tropisurus americana)
  • Tetrameres crami (Tropisurus crami, Petrowimeres crami)
  • Tetrameres fissispina (Tropidocerca fissispina, Tropisurus fissispina, Petrowimeres fissispina, Acanthophorus tenuis, Tropidocerca tenuis, Acanthophorus horridus, Filaria pulicis, Spiroptera pulicis.)
Tracheal Fluke Infection (Orchipedum tracheicola infection, Typhlocoelum infection,Tracheophilus infection)
  • Hyptiasmus arcuatus (Hyptiasmus tumitus, Monostoma arcuatum, Cyclocoelum arcuatum, Hyptiasmus arcuatum, Hyptiasmus laevigatus, Hyptiasmus tumidus, Hyptiasmus oculeus, Transcoelum oculeum, Hyptiasmus magnus, Stossichium magnum, Hyptiasmus coelonodus, Transcoelum sigillum, Hypatiasmus sigillum, Hyptiasmus magniproles, Hyptiasmus theodori, Ophthalmophagus theodori
  • Orchipedum tracheicola
  • Typhlocoelum cucumerinum (Distoma cucumerium, Monostoma cucumerium, Monostoma sarcidiornicola, Monostoma flavum, Typhlocoelum flavum, Typhlocoelum sarcidiornicola, Typhlultimum sarcidiornicola, Tracheophilus sarcidiornicola, Monostoma cymbium, Typhlocoelum obovale , Typhlocoelum reticulare, Typhlocoelum americanum, Typhlocoelum gambense, Typhlocoelum shovellus, Typhlophilus shovellus)
  • Typhlocoelum sisowi (Typhlocoelum cymbium, Typhlocoelum cymbius, Haematotrephus cymbius, Tracheophilus cymbium, Tracheophilus cymbius, Typhlocoelum cucumerinum cymbium,Typhlocoelum cucumerinum americanum, Typhlocoelum hepaticum)
Trichostrongylus Infection (Trichostrongyliasis)
  • Trichostrongylus tenuis (Strongylus tenuis, Strongylus pergracilis, Trichostrongylus pergracilis, Strongylus serratus)

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PARASITIC Diseases of Waterfowl
Leeches, Pentastomes & Crustacea

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Leech Infection (Duck leech infestation, Nasal leech infestation)
  • Haementeria costata
  • Theromyzon biannulatum
  • Theromyzon cooperi
  • Theromyzon maculosum
  • Theromyzon occidentale
  • Theromyzon rude
  • Theromyzon tessulatum
  • Theromyzon trizonaire

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PARASITIC Diseases of Waterfowl
Insects, Mites & Ticks

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Air Sac Mite Infection (Cytodites nudus infection)
  • Cytodites nudus
Feather Lice Infection (Chewing Lice Infection, Mallophaga Infection)
  • Acidoproctus spp.
  • Anaticola anseris
  • Anaticola crassicornis
  • Anatoecus spp.
  • Ciconiphilus spp.
  • Bothriometopus spp.
  • Dicteisia spp.
  • Docophorus spp.
  • Eureum spp.
  • Holomenopon spp.
  • Holomenopon acutae
  • Holomenopon bohmi
  • Holomenopon brevithoracicum
  • Holomenopon bucephalae
  • Holomenopon cairinae
  • Holomenopon clauseni
  • Holomenopon clypeilargum
  • Holomenopon goliath
  • Holomenopon leucoxanthum
  • Holomenopon loomisii
  • Holomenopon maxbeieri
  • Holomenopon obscurum
  • Holomenopon setigerum
  • Holomenopon tadornae
  • Holomenopon transvaalense
  • Lipeurus spp.
  • Ornithobius spp.
  • Trinoton spp.
  • Trinaton anserinum
  • Trinoton querquedula
Feather Mite Infection
  • Bdellorhynchus spp.
  • Freyana anserina
  • Freyana largifolia
  • Ingrassia spp.
  • Rectijanua spp.
Fowl Tick Infection (Argas persicus infection)
  • Argas miniatus
  • Argas persicus - fowl tick
  • Argas radiatus
  • Argas reflexus
  • Argas sanchez
Myiasis (Fly larvae infestation, Maggot infestation)
  • Phormia regina
  • Wohlfahrtia opaca
Nasal Mite Infection (Rhinonyssus Infection)
  • Rhinonyssus spp.
  • Rhinonyssus rhinolethrum
Simulium Infection (Black-fly infestation)
  • Simulium spp. (Black flies)
  • Simulium anatinum
  • Simulium bracteatum
  • Simulium innocens
  • Simulium rugglesi
  • Simulium venustum
Subcutaneous Mite Infection (Laminosioptes cysticola infestation)
  • Laminosioptes cysticola
Chiggers-Associated Dermatitis (Chiggers Infection, Chiggers)
  • Womersia strandmani

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PARASITIC Diseases of Waterfowl
Single-celled - Protozoa

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Avian Malaria (Plasmodium Infection, Haematozoan Infection, Hemosporidian Infection)
  • Plasmodium spp. (Plasmodium circumflexum, Plasmodium elongatum, Plasmodium lophurae, Plasmodium relictum, Plasmodium praecox, Plasmodium vaughani.)
  • Culiseta spp. (Vectors)
Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium sp. infection)
  • Cryptosporidium spp. (Cryptosporidium baileyi)
Chylomastix gallinarum (Flagellate) Infection
  • Chylomastix spp. (Chylomastix gallinarium)
Haemoproteus Infection (Plasmodium Infection, Haematozoan Infection, Hemosporidian Infection)
  • Haemoproteus spp. (Haemoproteus nettionis, Haemoproteus greineri)
  • Culicoides spp. (Vectors) (Midges)
  • Culicoides downesi (Vector)
Intestinal coccidiosis (Coccidiosis, Coccidiasis, Eimeria Infection)
  • Eimeria spp.  (Eimeria abramovi, Eimeria anatis, Eimeria anseris, Eimeria aythyae, Eimeria battakhi, Eimeria brantae, Eimeria bucephalae, Eimeria clarkei, Eimeria crassa, Eimeria danailovi, Eimeria farra, Eimeria fulva, Eimeria hermani, Eimeria koganae, Eimeria kotlani, Eimeria krylovi, Eimeria magnalabia, Eimeria mulardi, Eimeria nocens, Eimeria nyroca, Eimeria parvula, Eimeria pulchella, Eimeria saitamae, Eimeria schachdagica, Eimeria stigmosa, Eimeria striata, Eimeria truncata)
  • Isospora spp. (Isospora anseris, Isospora mandari)
  • Tyzzeria spp.  (Tyzzeria alleni, Tyzzeria chenicusae, Tyzzeria pellerdyi, Tyzzeria perniciosa, Tyzzeria parvula)
  • Wenyonella spp. (Wenyonella anatis, Wenyonella gagari, Wenyonella pellerdyi, Wenyonella philiplevinei)
Leucocytozoonosis (Leucocytozoon infection, Hemosporidian Infection, Haematozoan Infection)
  • Leucocytozoon spp. (Leucocytozoon simondi)
  • Culicoides spp. (Vectors) (Midges)
  • Simulium spp. (Vectors) (Black flies)
  • Simulium anatinum (Vectors)
  • Simulium innocens (Vectors)
  • Simulium rugglesi (Vectors)
  • Simulium venustum (Vectors)
Renal Coccidiosis (Renal coccidial infection)
  • Eimeria spp. (Eimeria boschadis, Eimeria christianseni, Eimeria somateriae, Eimeria truncata)
Sarcocystosis (Sarcosporidiosis, Rice-breast disease, Sarcocystis sp. Infection.)
  • Sarcocystis spp. (Sarcocystis rileyi)
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii Infection)
  • Toxoplasma spp. (Toxoplasma gondii)
Trichomoniasis (Flagellate Infection) (Trichomonas infection)
  • Trichomonas spp. (Trichomonas gallinae)
  • Tetratrichomonas spp. (Tetratrichomonas anatis)
Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosome Infection)
  • Trypanosoma spp. (Trypanosoma avium
  • Trypanosoma calmetti)
  • Culicidae (Vector Family) (Mosquitoes)
  • Simuliidae (Vector Family) (Black Flies)
  • Hippoboscidae spp. (Vector Family)

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TOXIC Diseases of Waterfowl
Biotoxins

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Aflatoxicosis (Mycotoxicosis) (Mycotoxicity, aflatoxicosis, groundnut poisoning, fusariotoxicosis, fusariotoxin poisoning, fusariomycotoxicosis, trichothecene mycotoxicosis, T-2 toxicosis, vomitoxicosis, zearalenone toxicosis, ergotism.)
  • Aspergillus   spp.
  • Aspergillus flavus
  • Aspergillus parasiticus
  • Penicillium puberulum
  • Aflatoxins
Avian Botulism (Limberneck, Western duck sickness, Duck disease, Alkali poisoning)
  • Clostridium botulinum (Bacillus botulinus)
  • Botulinum Toxins
Blue-Green Algae Toxicity (Cyanobacteria toxicosis, Phycotoxicosis, algal toxicosis)
  • Anabaena spp.
  • Aphanizomenom spp.
  • Cylindrospermum spp.
  • Microcystis spp.
  • Nodularia spp.
  • Nostoc spp.
  • Oscillaria spp.
  • Blue-Green Algae Toxins (Anatoxin, microcystins, nodularin)
Castor Bean Toxicity (Castor Bean Poisoning, Ricin Toxicity, Castorbean Toxicity, Castorbean Poisoning)
  • Ricinus communis - Castor bean (Toto ni vavalagi, Maskerekur, lama palagi, uluchul skoki, agaliya, castor bean.)
  • Ricin
Citrinin Toxicity (Mycotoxicosis)
  • Aspergillus   spp.
  • Penicillium spp.
  • Citrinin
Dinoflagellate Toxicity (Marine dinoflagellate toxicity,  Dinoflagellate poisoning, Paralytic shellfish poisoning, Red Tide)
  • Gonyaulax spp. (Gonyaulax tamarensis, Alexandrium tamarensis, Protogonyaulax tamarensis)
  • Gymnodinium spp. (Gymnodinium breve, Ptychodiscus breve)
  • Brevetoxins
  • Saxitoxins
Ergotism (St. Anthony's fire)
  • Claviceps spp.
  • Claviceps purpura
  • Ergot alkaloids
Fumonisin Toxicity (Mycotoxicosis) (Equine leukoencephalomalacia, Porcine pulmonary oedema syndrome)
  • Fusarium spp.
  • Fusarium moniliforme
  • Fusarium proliferatum
  • Fumonisins
Fusariotoxicosis (Mycotoxicosis) (Fusariotoxin poisoning, Trichothecene mycotoxicosis, T-2 toxicosis, Vomitotoxicosis, Zearalenone toxicosis)
  • Fusarium spp.
  • Trichothecenes
Lettuce Narcosis
  • Lactuca sativa - Lettuce
Toxin type unclear.
Lily of the Valley Poisoning (Convallaria majalis Toxicity)
  • Convallaria majalis - Lily of the Valley (Lily-of-the-valley, European lily of the valley)
  • Convallamarin
  • Convalloside
  • Convallotoxin
Monoliformin Toxicity (Mycotoxicosis)
  • Fusarium spp.
  • Fusarium moniliforme
  • Monoliformin
Nightshade Poisoning (Black Nightshade Poisoning, Garden Nightshade Poisoning)
  • Solanum nigrum - Black Nightshade (Garden Nightshade)
  • Solanine
  • Solanidin
Ochratoxicosis (Mycotoxicosis)
  • Aspergillus ochraceus
  • Penicillium viridicatum
  • Ochratoxin
Oleander poisoning (Oleander Toxicity)
  • Nerium oleander - Oleander
  • Glycoside cardiotoxins
Potato Poisoning (Green Potato Poisoning, Sprouting Potato Poisoning, Solanum tuberosum Poisoning)
  • Solanum tuberosum - Potato
  • Solanine
Sweetpea Poisoning (Beta-Aminoproprionitrile Toxicity, BAPN toxicity, Lathyrism, Sweet Pea poisoning)
  • Lathyrus odoratus - Sweetpea (Sweet Pea)
  • Beta-aminoproprionitrile
Tick Paralysis
  • Argas persicus - fowl tick
  • Tick Saliva Toxins
Zearalenone Toxicity (Mycotoxicosis)
  • Fusarium graminearum
  • Fusarium roseum
  • Zearalenone

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TOXIC Diseases of Waterfowl
Metals / Minerals

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Arsenic Poisoning (Arsenic Toxicity)
  • Arsenic [Chemical symbol - As]
Cadmium Toxicity (Cadmium Poisoning)
  • Cadmium [Chemical symbol - Cd]
Copper Toxicity (Copper Toxicosis, Copper Poisoning, Copper Sulphate Poisoning)
  • Copper [Chemical symbol - Cu]
Fluoride Toxicity (Fluoride Poisoning)
  • Fluoride [Chemical symbol - F]
Lead Poisoning (Plumbism, Lead intoxication)
  • Lead [Chemical symbol - Pb]
Mercury Toxicity (Minimata disease , Methylmercury toxicity, mercury poisoning, mercury intoxication)
  • Mercury [Chemical symbol - Hg]
Salt Poisoning (Salt Toxicity, Water Deprivation)
  • Salt [Chemical symbol - NaCl] (Sodium Chloride, Common salt) - excess
Selenium Toxicity (Selenosis, Selenium Poisoning)
White Phosphorus Toxicity (White Phosphorus Poisoning, Elemental Phosphorus Toxicity)
  • Phosphorus (Elemental) [Chemical symbol - P] (White Phosphorus)
Zinc Toxicity (Zinc toxicity, Zinc poisoning, New Wire Disease)
  • Zinc [Chemical symbol - Zn]

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TOXIC Diseases of Waterfowl
Complex Chemical Compounds

DISEASE (Synonyms)

CAUSAL ORGANISMS / AGENTS (Synonyms)
Anticholinesterase Toxicity (Cholinesterase Inhibitor Toxicity, Carbamate toxicity, Organophosphate toxicity, Carbamate pesticide toxicity, Organophosphorus Pesticide Toxicity, Diazinon Toxicity, Triazophos Poisoning, Parathion Poisoning, Thiophosphate Poisoning, Azodrin Poisoning, Haloxon Poisoning, Insecticide Poisoning, Pesticide Poisoning)
  • Carbamates (Carbaryl, Butylate, Carbofuran, Methomyl, Benomyl, EPTC, Aldicarb, Thiram)
  • Organophosphates (Phosphates e.g. mevinphos, Phosphorothionates e.g. parathion, diazinon, Phosphorothiolates e.g. demeton, omethoate, Phosphorothionothiolates e.g. phorate, malathion, Phosphorodithiolates e.g. ethoprop, Phosphoramidates e.g. fenamiphos, Phosphoramidothionates e.g. isophenphos, Phosphoramidothiolates e.g. methamidophos), Coumaphos (Negasunt), Dichlorvos (Aquagard), Nuvan Top, Diazinon (Droplix), Fenthion (Tiguvon), Phosmet ( Dermol Plus, Nupor, Porect,  Poron 20,   Vet-Kem Sponge-on))
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity (Brodifacoum toxicity, Dicumarol toxicity, Warfarin toxicity)
  • Anticoagulant rodenticides (Benzopyrans, Brodifacoum, Bromadiolone, Chlorophacinone, Coumafuryl, Coumatetralyl, Diphacinone, Diphenadione, Dicumarol, Indone, Warfarin, Indanedione derivative)
Coal Tar Toxicity (Coal Tar Poisoning, Creosote Toxicity, Cresol Toxicity)
  • Coal Tar (Anthracene, Cresols, Creosote, Creosotenaphthalene, Dimethylnaphthalenes, Phenanthrene, Pitch greases, Naphthalene)
Cyanide Poisoning (Hydrocyanic Acid Poisoning, Prussic Acid Poisoning, Cyanide Toxicity)
  • Cyanide (Prussic Acid)
Dimetridazole Toxicity (Anthelmintic Toxicity)
  • Dimetridazole (1,2-dimethyl-5-nitroimidazole, Emtryl, Metronex, Flagyl, Torgyl)
Ethylene Glycol Intoxication  (Ethylene glycol toxicity, Ethylene glycol poisoning)
  • Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze, Anti-freeze)
Fluroacetamide Toxicity  (1081 poisoning, Fluroacetamide toxicity)
  • Fluoroacetamide/Fluoroacetate (Sodium fluor